Symptoms of Cardiac Ischemia:
- Chest Pain
- Neck or jaw pain
- Arm and shoulder pain
- Back pain
- Shortness breath
- Nausea and vomiting
Doctor diagnosis of cardiac ischemia:
- Medical history
- Physical examination
- Stress test
- X-ray of coronary arteries (coronary angiogram)
Treatment:
- Medication
- Exercise
- Angioplasty – heart operation, putting a small tube to dilate arteries in the heart
- Bypass Surgery
- Coronary Artery Bypass
- Pacemaker – electronic device use to get of the impulse of the heart
- Open Heart Surgery – use cardio pulmonary machine, due to congenital defects
- Closed Surgery – bloody surgery in which invaded big vessels or arteries
Management:
Apical pulse – two fingers below your nipple from left of the heart, to check if there is heart problem
Apical Radical Pulse Deficit – Usually apical is higher than radical pulse
*CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) – is a chronic disease in which coronary arteries are hardened and narrowed (atherosclerosis) or lack of blood supply to coronary arteries.
Causes:
- Fatty plaque narrows the coronary arteries
- Plaque calcifies causing the arteries to become harder and suffer
Symptoms:
- Chest pain (angina)
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Prevention:
- Learning family medical history
- Eating heart healthy diet
- Exercise regularly
- Controlling diabetes
- Control high blood (hypertension)
*Untreated CAD usually continues to worsen and can eventually lead to a heart attack or over cardiac arrest in which the heart stops beating.
Prevention:
- Aspirin a day (with Doctor’s prescription)
*ATRIAL FIBRILATION (AF) – is a disorder found in the hearts of two small upper chambers (the atria) quiver instead of beating effectively, the blood isn’t pumped completely out of them, so it may pool and clot. If a piece of a blood clot in the atria leaves the heart and becomes lodged in an artery in the brain, the result is stroke.
Aorta – left and right coronary artery
Treatment:
- Medication
- Electrical cardio version
- Drugs
- Radio frequently oblation
- Surgery
- Atrial pacemakers
Medication: Warfarin, Aspirin
*ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION – is the cause of cardiovascular disease and associated with an increase risk of stroke and heart attack.
Risk
- Coronary Artery Disease 33%
- Stroke 10%
- Renal Failure 15%
HYPERTENSION – a condition in which blood pressure is consistently above 140/90, which means systolic (heart beat) is consistently above to diastolic (heart at rest)
Systolic – heart beat
Diastolic – heart at rest
Types of Hypertension:
1. Essential hypertension – 95% common. It could be genetic factor or environmental factor due to food intake.
2. Secondary hypertension –
Causes:
- Adrenal gland tumor
- Cushing’s syndrome – patient with DM
- Kidney disorder
- Glomerulonephritis – inflammation of kidney
- Who take medication
- Oral contraceptives
Factors/Causes of Hypertension:
- Volume of water
- Salt content of the body
- Condition of kidney nervous
- Blood pressure
Prevention:
- Lifestyle changes
- Lose weight if overweight
- Exercise improve cardiac fitness
- Dietary adjustments
NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA - is an infection acquired during hospitalization. The major cause of these infections is gram negative bacteria or bacteria in blood stream.
Mostly affected:
- Patient with weak immune system
- Blood dyscrasia (development disorder of blood)
- Burn
- Trauma
Prevention:
- Awareness of the possible risk of infection among hospital patients.
- Correct hand washing
PNEUMONIA - Inflammation of alveoli damage and excessive accumulation of fluids in the lungs
PNEUMOCOCCUS – causes over 50% of bacterial pneumonia
Ways in which Pneumonia are classified:
- Acuity : acute, sub acute or chronic
- Transmission: infections or non- infection
- Acquisition: community acquired or hospital acquired
- Agent : Bacterial (aerobic or anaerobic)
- Distribution : Lobular (Bronchopneumonia or interstitial)
Risk Factor:
- Chronic illness
- Debility (condition of feebleness, weakness and lack of physical ton)
- Immobility
- Alcoholic & drug users
Signs and Symptoms:
- Cough productive spectrum
- Leukocytosis – presence of bacteria
- Fever
Management:
- Management of antibiotics
- Adequate ventilation
- Appropriate treatment of any underlying or pre-existing disease
- Adequate nutrition
- Hand washing to prevent spreading the infection
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE - disease that cause irreversible damage to the lungs over a period of time. This cause permanent damage to the lung tissue.
Causes:
- Cigarette smoking
- Air pollution, infection and allergies
Signs and symptoms:
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Chest discomfort
- Ankle, feet and leg swelling
Treatment:
- Limit your exposure to pollution
- Vaccination
- Exercises
- Medication
- Nebulizer
- Good nutrition
DIABETES MELLITUS or DM – disease in which the pancreas produce little or no insulin. The glucose level builds up in the blood and urine causing excessive urination, thirst and hunger.
Insulin – hormone that absorbs glucose in our body
Vasopressin – hormone that controls the amount of urine secreted
Types:
INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IDDM (Type I) – the body doesn’t produce insulin. Occurs under 20 years of age, occurs on puberty like 10 to 12 years old in girls and 12 – 14 years old in boys.
NON INSULIN DEPENDENT (Type II) – not functioning pancreas or pancreas can’t produce insulin.
HYPERGLYCEMIA
- Secondary to DM and contribute micro vascular complication like kidney and eye disease. Micro vascular complication could be Myocardial Infarction and stroke.
- Increase in glucose, decrease in sugar
HYPOGLYCEMIA
- Decrease in glucose and increase in sugar.
- Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia can lead to coma or death chronic
Management:
- Oral medication
- Exercise
- Balance diet
- Monitoring
- Awareness and education
HYPONATREMIA – water content of the body is greater
HYPERNATREMIA – water content of body fluid is deficit
CHRONIC HYPERNATREMIA – organic osmolytes start appearing inside the neurons.
Causes of Hypernatremia:
- Decrease cellular volume of water due to little water intake
- Too much salt
Types:
- Hypovolemic hypernatremia – water deficit, sodium deficit
- Hypervolemic hypernatremia – sodium gains, water gains
- Euvolemic hypernatremia – water loss is from intracellular and interstitial
General Symptoms:
- Irritability
- High pitched cry
- Seizures
- Fever
Pathophysiology occurs in the following 3 ways:
1. Pure water depletion
2. Sodium excess (salt poisoning)
3. Water depletion exceeding sodium
DERMATITIES OR ECZEMA – Inflammation of the skin. Outermost skin layer appear thickened and the skin may take on leathery appearance.
Forms:
Atopic Dermatitis – Allergic condition involves activation of cells of the immune system whose job is to protect against invaders.
SCABIES – a microscopic tiny 8 legged mice that attached to the skin – attracted to warm site of the body.
Main Cause: Poor hygiene
Signs and Symptoms:
- Redness
- Itching
- Swelling
- Blistering
- Skin is crusty or scaly
Treatment:
- Application of moisturizers and emollients
- Oral antihistamines – relief from itching
HYPOKALAEMIA – serum potassium concentration is less than 3.5 ml.
HYPERKALAEMIA – excess of potassium
Clinical Features:
- Weakness
- Muscle Fatigue
- Respiratory paralysis
Clinical & Monitoring
- Cardiac Rhythm
- Continues monitoring of potassium
PARAPLEGIA/QUADRIPLEGIA – result from injury or trauma to spinal cord.
Paraplegic – damage is lower extremities to a person.
Quadriplegic – person’s damage is in upper and lower extremities.
Autonomic hyper reflexia – severe paraplegic
Causes:
- Motor accident
- Diving mishap
- Fall
- House accident
- Sports accident
Symptoms:
- Pain
- Loss of sensation
Problems occurred:
- Frequent urinary track infection
- Kidney stones
- Muscle spasm
- Pressure Sores
- Wide & rapid fluctuation in body temperature
CATARACT – loss of vision
Types:
1.Senile – develop in the elderly because of change in the chemical state of lens protein
2.Congenital – new born or genetic due to maternal rebulla
3.Traumatic – develop after a foreign body injures, the lens with sufficient force to allow aqueous or vitreous humor to enter the lens
4.Complicated Cataract – detached retina of the eye, occur secondary to glaucoma
5.Toxic Cataract – due to chemicals of medicine intake, result from drug or chemical toxity
Signs and Symptoms:
- Gradual blurring
- Loss of vision
- Black pupil turns to milky white
- Poor reading vision
- Poor vision in bright sunlight
GLAUCOMA – the most preventable cause of blindness, abnormally increase intra ocular pressure which may produce severe and permanent vision defects obstruction of ducts.
Kinds:
1. Chronic Open Angle – Over production of aqueous humor or obstruction to its outflow through the orbicular network
2. Acute or Chronic Closed Angle – obstruction to the outflow of aqueous humor due to anatomically narrow angle
Signs and Symptoms:
- Mild aching in the eyes
- Loss of peripheral vision
- Seeing halos around the light
- Reduced visual acuity, especially at night
SCHIZOPHRENIA – is personality disorganization.
Four Types:
1. Paranoid – shows less regression of mental faculties’ emotional response.
2. Catatonic – most outstanding characteristics is his overwhelming of will, usually obedient
3. Hebephrenic – most severely disorganized personality and has no contact with reality
4. Simple – lacks of the irrational thoughts, begins in early childhood
Causes:
- Biochemical
- Sociologic
- Physiologic
Treatment: Therapist theory
Signs and Symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Insomnia
- Headache
